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First Aid

Farm Veterinarian

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Cattle , Swine , Smeep, Horses

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The

First Aid Farm

Veterinarian

A COLLECTION OF

AUTHORITATIVE SUGGESTIONS

ON THE CARE OF

Cattle, Swine
Sheep, Horses

COMBINED WITH A CHOICE SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
OF PRIZE WINNING AND FAMOUS TYPES OF LIVE STOCK

S. H. WARD, V. S.

Secrelitry and Executive Officer

Minntiuta Live Siui Sanitary Board

Secretary- Treasurer

United State! Live Stud Sanitary yl iseciatiun

This collection of sujrgcstions is prepared, as the title states, as a
'First Aid Farm Veterinarian." It does not attempt to prescribe
for the cure of ills peculiar to live stock, as it is always safer to
entrust this to the local Veterinarian or expert.
Rather, it deals with helpful sug^restions for emerirencies and is
to aid the Farmer in the timely recognition of ailments of live
stock. Valuable charts and illustrations of educational and prac-
tical use are also shown. \ ••..:'...* ;**. •*.*

Copyrieht by Brown A BigelowJSt. PaiH \Wnn. Jtifl^rm. OiiJ.,« ,*,« • • ,»

Table of Contents

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^f

70 Interesting Illustrations of Famous Types of Live Stock.

1 Full Colored Centerpiece — ^Anatomical Charts of Live Stock — Cattle, Horses, Swine and Sheep

Page

1 Diaji;ram — Cows' Teeth according to Age. . . 11

1 Breeding Table for Live Stock 21

1 Breeding Record for Cows 22

1 Breeding Record for Mares 23

1 Br?*.^ding Record for Sows 2(5

1 Breeding Record for Ewes 27

Paye

1 Diagram— How to Tell the Age of a Horse. . 31

1 Chart — Regions of the Horse 32

1 Diagram — Self Feeder for Pigs 39

1 Diagram — Sheep's Teeth According to Age. . 44

1 Diagram — .\ Closed Sheep Shed 45

FIRST AID SUGGESTIONS FOR LIVE STOCK

Care of Live Stock

Nursing Sick Animals

Administration of Medicines .

CATTLE

Popular Errors

Traumatic Pericarditis

Phlebitis

Pleurisy

Verminous Bronchitis

Excessive Salivation

Choke

Lumpy Jaw

Bloating

Impaction

Diarrhoea

White Scours ,

Stone in the Urethra

Rancid Milk

Rupture

Wounds of the Abdomen

Paralysis of the Hind Quarters .

Eye Inflammation

Tuberculosis and Symptoms. .

Warts

Ergotism

Sorghum Poisoning

Cow Pox

Rabies

Contagious Abortion

HORSES

Fracture of Bones

Wounds

Nail Punctures of Feet

Founder

Digestive Troubles

(Teeth - Tongue) :•;•;>;' ^ •/ r r '"^

Colic '..' ....,..'/.. 5 .fi^p

Poisoning .

Page

3

3
4

4

5

5

6

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

7

8

9

9

9

9

10

10

12

13

13

13

14

15

K)
16
16
17

]j8
18
19c

Page

Lung Diseases 19

Kidneys 19

Blood Circulation 19

Nervous Diseases 20

Parasites 28

Sunstroke 28

Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 29

Skin Diseases 29

Bleeding Warts 29

Contagious Diseases 30

Navel or Joint 111 30

Lock Jaw 30

Distemper 33

Influenza 33

SWINE

Sore Mouth 34

Vomiting 34

Air Bubbles in Intestines 34

Thumps 34

Rheumatism 34

Rickets 34

Heat Stroke. . . ._ 34

Verminous Bronchitis 35

Hog Cholera 36

Necrobacillosis 38

Tuberculosis 38

Parasites 40

Fits 41

Hemorrhoids, Piles 41

Lice 41

SHEEP

Hemorrhagic Septicaemia 42

Parasites 43

Verminous Bronchitis 43

Grub in the Head 44

Foot Rot 44

Scab 46

y

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No attempt will he made to present
the sym])t()ms or treatment of all the
various diseases whieh live stock are
subject to.

It may be said that the anatomy of the
farm animal is essentially the same as th(>
human being, the various parts and vital
organs of all animals and man perform th(»
same functions. While there is a difference
in their size, the heart of the horse, cow,
sheep or pig must be, as in man, the central
pum])ing machine; so the kidneys in the
domestic animal must, as in man, act as the
ch'aining system for the excess fiuid of the
body. Keei)ing in mind this similarity to
the l)0(ly of man, we can, to a great extent,
prevent many of the common troubles by
exercising the same care with the farm ani-
mals as we do in guarthng our own health.

It is important to keep in mind "kind-
ness of heart" often causes more intestinal
troul)le in horses than any other cause- For
instance, owners fre(iuently having in mind
a hard day's work for the team, reason an
extra feed of grain will lend strength for the
coming exertion. They do not think that
were the positions reversed, the man would
not eat an extra amount and expect to
begin a hard day's labor on an engorged
stomach . Nor does a man after a long fast
and exhausting work fill his stomach with
cokl water; rather lie drinks small (luantitics
at a time- The owner does not think what
he would do imder the circumstances, but
proceeds to give the animal all it dc^sires-

Again, it is the common practice among
farmers to keep hay before their animals at
all times.

Go into the majority of the barns and we
find the mangers crowded with hay and the
stalls m(M-e or less littered with it. Animals
so fed rarely keep in condition and arc? never
al)l(; to i)erform the amount of work they
are capable of. For the average 1500-11).
farm horse 20 lbs. of hay a day is sufficient
and when in hard work the grain ration
can be increased, and reduced when not
working. Where a good feeder is in charge
of a barn we find the mangers are cleaned
up of all feed. Again a careful owner sees
that his horses are given a laxative feed at
least once a week. Sutlden chang(>s of diet
for any animal must be avoided; horses
fresh from grass must be gradually brought
on to dry feed, and when animals are turned
out care should be taken not to put them
in pastures which have an abundant growth.
This rule applies to all domestic animals.

Live stock should not be fed entirely on
coarse woody material, such as straw, corn
stalks or hay, put up late in the season-
Tlieir rations should be changed occasion-
ally to a more laxative diet- Dry feed taxes
the digestive powers and if persisted in brings
on a variety of bowel troubles.

NURSING SICK ANIMALS

As the work of caring for sick animals
falls upon the owner, a few fundamental
):)rinci[)les may be laid down for his guid-
ance. Again, the owner is to be reminded
of conditions were he the patient. As a
rule he may simply think of what would add
to his comfort, and by applying them to
the patient feel assured he is carrying out
the proper method.

RANGE CATTLE

392572

AilE OF LIVE STOCK

If possible the patient should be placed
in a box stall, away from annoyances of
other animals. The quarters should be
well ventilated and kept clean. The at-
tention required includes feeding, water-
ing, and the giving of medicine. Water
and feed should not be allowed to stand,
and a fresh supply should l)e constantly
given. In the hot weather fresh, cold water
should be given at frequent intervals, as
it tends to reduce fever and refreshes the
patient. The fact that animal does not eat
should not alarm the owner; when recovery
begins the appetite returns, and it is then
that careful feeding is required. The same
general principles should be applied to all
farm animals.

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES

Unless medicine can l)e given in the feed,
it is very unwise for owners to attempt to
force any animal to swallow liquids. Even
when great care is exercised by veterina-
rians, some of the liquid may pass into the
wind pipe to the lungs, setting up a severe
form of pneumonia.

Bottles and receptacles in which medi-
cine is to be placed should first be thor-
oughly cleaned.

POPULAR ERRORS IN REGARD
TO DISEASE

Lampas, seen in young horses is a simple
congestion of the hard palate behind the
upper front teeth, and is associated with
the eruption of the permanent teeth. ]\Iany
owners seem to think the condition is one
that requires some treatment, but as a
matter of fact no interference is required.

Hollow Horn, popular fallacy that re-
mains from olden days, and treated by
boring a hole in the cow's horn and then
pouring in turpentine, which is supposed to
solidify the horn. As a matter of fact the
horn is hollow and any treatment of that
nature is inhuman.

Wolf Tail— Tail III, in which the animal
is supposed to have a worm in the end of
the tail. The ignorant quack proceetls to
split the end of the tail and fill the wound
with a mixture of pepper and salt.

Black Tooth in Pigs. This condition is
another myth, wdiich still exists in the
minds of the ignorant, and is supposed to
cause the death of young pigs.

The above delusions are mentioned so
that owners may not lose time in treating
imaginary disease, when the real trouble
should be looked for elsewhere.

HERD OF SHORTHORN STEERS
SHORTHORN H oriqinated in Ennland and are the most popular beef bred in the world. They attain the largest size of any types of
beef cattle. Cows ueigh about 1500 lbs.; bulls 2200 lbs: finished steers 1200 to 1500 Lbs. They do not mature so early as some of the
ottier types of beef cattle. Colors are red, white and roan.

FOREWORD

IT is the intention of the writer to direct
attention only to certain contlitions in
cattle, which to a very large extent may
be ol)viated ])y i^-oper care and attention
on the j)art of the owner. To give an out-
line of all the diseases which cattle are
affected with, would defeat the object in-
tended. Nor would the reader benefit for
the reason that even with the experienced,
trained veterinarian diagnosis is often diffi-
cult. To wait until the classical symptoms
appear would in many cases be too late.

It is proposed, therefore, to confine the
subject to matter that the cattle owner
should be familiar with.

Traumatic Pericarditis. An inflannna-
tion of the heart sac caused by an injury,
due in almost every case to a nail, wire oi'
some penetrating sharp substance which
has l)een swallowed by the cow. The man-
ifestations (jf this condition are observed or
suspected only by an expert veterinarian.
As a rule the disease is frequently mis-
taken for tuberculosis, due to the fact that
animals so affected exhibit a shortness of
breath, more or less fever, and are not apt
to keep in condition. Sudden death of the
animal may cause the owner from curios-
ity to make a post mortem, and it may be
with some surprise he finds the heart sac
([uite large, containing a great deal of foul
smelling fluid mixed with pus, and a closer
examination reveals a spike, piece of wire
or other sharp object penetrating through
the wall of the stomach and midriff into
the heart sac.

Tlui object of drawing the reader's atten-
tion to this accidental trouble is for the
l)urpose of impressing upon him the neces-
sity of keeping his barn yard clean of all
objects not intended for food purposes.

Owners have no doubt observed in the
Si:)ring of the year a propensity for cattle to
chew foreign objects such as bones, cloth,
rope, and wood, tSuch foreign material when
swallowed may cause the death of animals,
hence due cai-e should be exercise(!.

r\ ri( \L i;i:f;isTF.i{i;i) iioi.sTi.ix ni:\i)

Phlebitis. Inflammation of the jugular
vein. This is occasionally seen in young
bulls and is caused by a hook while fighting
and may be recognized by a swelling exti^ntl-
ing from perhaps half way down the n(^ck to
the brisket in the rc^gion of the windpipe.

A blow or hook may partially or complete-
ly rupture^ the wall of the blood vessel, per-
mitting the esca])e into the tissues of a very
large amount of blood. No attempt should
be made by the inexperienced to open any
swellings in the region of the throat or wind-
pipe. Large blood vessels traverse this region
and there is grave danger of injuring them.

REGISTKKKD lloI.STI.lN 11 i:i(0 — FO\ KI\1;K \ Al.I.i; V. ILL

CATTLE

"GLORIA BENI'.DICTIXE." A woi Id famous champion Jersey Cow : an exeellent example
of what has been accomplished by improved breeding, feeding and careful management.
The Jersey breed originated in the Island of Jersey in the Channel Islands near England. The quality and richness of rnilk is un-
excelled. Jerseys are often called "the butter coiv." They are very popular in the United States. Weight 700 pounds upward.
Color, many shades of fawn, reildish, sitier, brolcnish, etc.

Pleurisy is the most common lung
troiil)le in cattle.

Causes are sudden cooling of the body,
as lying on dam]) ground or from sudden
chilling of the side of an animal by the
opening of the stable door, permitting the
entrance of cold air. It is noticed by the
stiff gait and peculiar grunt emitted when
animal is made to move. The elbows are
noticed to be turned out and appetite fails.
Mustard plasters to the side should be im-
mediately applied and proper treatment
given as soon as available. While not dan-
gerous, we occasionally find a large amount
of water will accumulate in the chest cav-
ity, which sometimes becomes so great as
to force its way out of the chest alongside
of the windpipe, causing more or less swell-
ing of the brisket. In other cases neglect
of proper treatment results in the lung
itself growing to the wall of the chest, caus-
ing more or less constant pain, which is not
conducive to the thriftiness of the animal.

Verminous Bronchitis, or worms, in the
lung. This condition is ciuite freciuent in
young calves and will be described under
parasites of sheep, as we have a similar
condition in calves, pigs, and sheep; in fact
in every animal which chews its cud.

DIGESTIVE ORGANS
Excessive Salivation. Sometimes seen in
horses as a result of being fed on clover.
This condition does not follow such when
fed to cattle. It occurs in cattle from prob-
ably three or four causes: rabies (which
see page 14), inflammation of the lining of
the mouth from some irritant and oftener
as a result of a foreign body, such as a
piece of wood, corn cob, or other object
becoming lodged in the mouth, or from
choking. In the latter case animal bloats
very quickly. An examination of the mouth
is advisable, but if rabies is prevalent no at-
tempt at examination should be made .

Choke: See under horses, page 19.

HERD OF PURE BRED JERSEYS

CATTLE

A I'HOSIMlIiors FAini

Lumpy Jaw. This cunditiuu is easily
recognized by the sweUing wliich extends
out from the lower jaw bone.

Prompt, expert treatment should be
given, otherwise if neglected the swelling
becomes quite large and finally l)reaks; as a
result the value of the animal deteriorates.

Bloating is often encountered following
heavy feeding. The ordinary washing soda
(hypc)-sulphite of soda) used by photog-
raphers is verj^ useful when given in table-
spoonful doses in the feed. If bloating per-
sists other causes should be looked for.
Animals bloat on pasture as a result of a
too abundant vegetation. When this con-
dition exists in pastures, cattle should be
allowed to remain therein but a short
time. Wet, luxurious pastures are ver}^
prone to cause bloat.

Impaction of the rumen or large stom-
ach is not very common, but occurs when
cattle break into any green crop and
gorge themselves. When this happens ani-
mals should be kept from water. It may
happ(Mi that an operation will l)e necessary
by cutting into the large stomach and re-
moving tlie larger part of its contents.

Diarrhoea. Freciuently seen in young
calves and is described under "White
Scours." In old cattle unless the trouble
continues little or no attention need be
paid it. 8mall doses of dilut(Ml hydrochloric

acid in drinking water relieves the trouble.

White Scours in Calves. This disease ap-
pears in yomig calves ranging from a week
to a month in age and has a very high mor-
tality and is very similar to navel ill in
colts. About the first symptom noticed is
the refusal of the calf to nurse, and shows
an inclination to remain lying down. A
profuse yellowish, foamy diarrhoea is no-
ticed and in a short time animal becomes
extremely weak and emaciated.

The organism which causes the disease is
taken up in some way by the calf, just how
has so far not been definitely determined.
It is known the feces of affected calves re-
main virulent for considerable time, hence
when the disease appears in one calf it is
very likely to spread to others.

PrevcMitive treatment consists in keeping
the stables clean and disinfected. Affected
calves should be immediately isolated, and
manure and litter removed and burned.
Floors and entire stall should be disin-
fected as suggested elsewhere.

Vaccination of infected animals is recom-
mended and the strength sustained by
careful fe(>ding. This disease like many
others is in part due to dark, dirty pens.

Germs of all descrii)ti()ns do not thrive
in sunlight, but find their best growth in
dark, damp places, where they retain their
vitality for a long period of time.

AVRSHIKES— PRIZE BILL ANU COW
The Ayrshire type of dairy cattle oriyinaled in Scollavd. The ateraye ueighl of cms about 1000 lbs., the bulls 1600 lbs.
The colors include while, bruu-n and red. Ayr-^hires are neat tn appearance. Noted for cheese making qualities.

CATTLE

Stone or Calculus in the Urethra. Bulls
and fct'ding steers freciiieiitly suffer from
retention of urine as a result of small stones
which are arrested in the urethra in their
l)assage from the bladder. This malady is
more generally seen in the winter months.
It often occurs in feeding steers, especially
those fed heavily on corn. These stones or
calculi are of lime formation, and may
be quite small, resembling gritty particles,
or on the other hand may be quite large.

or less restlessness, indicating pain and
anxiety. It will probably be seen the floor
is dry, indicating no urine has been passed.
We are told to follow the course of the
urethra and at the double curve mentioned
the calculus can be felt. Such is not the
case, the tissues are too dense and deeply
situated to enable one to locate the ob-
struction.

It is necessary to employ expert assist-
ance in such cases. In a great many cases

Prize Winners, Hred l)y Iv 11. 'l':i

mkfoit, Ky.

"CLIVE IRIS" AND "MAJESTIC LADY,

HEREFORD beef cattle, sometimes called" White Fares " originated in Hereford County, England. The;/ are a close second to the
Shorthorn cattle for size wh He they lack the full quarters of the Shorthorn. Herefords possess early maturing giiahties and are good
grazers. The colors are red with white markings.

Similar conditions are found in wethers,
where the sheep have access to corn fields.

The peculiar anatomy of the canal in
steers, forming as it does a double curve on
itself, acts as an obstacle for passage of
foreign bodies. The result is a blocking
of the passage, which unless relieved will
cause death either through the rupture
of the bladder or uremic poisoning.

Symptoms are somewhat veiled, and may
escape the most observing. We notice more

it has been found to be wise to immediately
beef the animal rather than to go to the
expense of operating and assume burden
of the necessary after care.

Animals that are given the run of the
feed lot as well as the herd bull should be
carefully watched and should receive a
certain amount of suitable roots and not
be subjected to the continuance of the
usual dry feed without change or occa-
sional deviation.

CATTLE

Milk. Several conditions affecting milk
are very often a matter of worry to the
owners of cattle and brief mention of thes(>
will be made.

Viscid Milk. Where this is found wiien
milking the contlition may be due to consti-
tutional troubles. Hyposulphite of soda in
tablespoonful doses three times a day may
correct the trouble. When it occurs in milk
which has stood for some time, it is due to
contamination after being drawn from the
cow. Bitter, red, yellow and blue milk are
all due to certain organisms which enter the
milk from outside sources.

]\Iilk is easily affected and also absorbs
strong odors and gases, consequently great
care should be taken to keep cow sheds
clean and sanitary at all times.

Rupture, or Hernia is of frequent occur-
rence antl in all cases jiroduced from l)lo\vs,
kicks, or hooks. As a rule, little can be done.

In umbilical or navel hernia, some por-
tion of the intestines may drop into this
aperture through which the blood vessels
pass from the mother to the fetus. It may
happen to new-born calves, or some time
later. Unless the rupture is exceedingly
large no anxiety need be felt as in many
cases the animal will outgrow this trouble.

AYRSHIRE

SHORTHORN

Wounds of the Abdomen, caused by the
horns of otlier animals may i)ermit the
escape of the intestines. When it occurs
l)arts should l)e washed with clean, warm
water to which a little salt can be added,
just enough so that one may barely taste
it. After thorough washing, bowels could
l)e returned and a makeshift bandage ap-
plied, pending expert help.

Paralysis of the Hind Quarters. Seen
occasionally in cattle. The seat of this
(rouble is in that part of the spinal cord sit-
uated at the loins; as the animal always re-
tains its ])ower of movement over the front
part of- the body. While we say paralysis, it
is not complete, as the muscular coat of the
intestines and bladder have the jiower of
contraction, and the skin also is sensitive.
It sometimes hajipens before calving but
more fre(iucntly after calving. The pres-
sure of the fetus on the jx'lvic nerves is un-
doubtedly the cause of the paralysis. The
condition may remain for some time, during
which period th(> animal must be carefully
nursetl. Blistering liniments may be applied
over the loins with considerable friction. In
slow cases of recovery electrical treatments
sometimes are of value. Cases which occur
before parturition recover without difficulty.

10

CATTLE

A 2,750 pound HolsteinGrand Champion — Minnesota and Wisconsin State Fairs, 1911
Owned by Marlow & McCaryar, Mankato, Minn.

Inflammation of the Eye in cattle is in
all cases where a number of the herd are
infected, due to a specific organism or germ.

Symptoms noticed are a slight watery
discharge from the eye; the lids are swollen,
the upper lid being dropped; the cornea or
transparent ])art of the eye becomes white,
so much so that the light rays cannot pene-
trate into the eye and the animal becomes
bhnd. In a short time we have a bulging
of the eye-ball and ulceration, as a result of
which the contents of the eye escape and
permanent blindness follows. Treatment
is to separate at once all infected animals,
bathing the eyes with a mild disinfectant.
Special treatment is desirable where the
eyeball has become white or is bulging.

TUBERCULOSIS

This is an in-
fectious disease
very prevalent in
cattle. It is com-
municated readily
to swine which
suffer very seri-
ously, and as a
rule it is acquired
by swine from
drinking milk
from diseased
cows or by feed-
ing l)ehind tuber-
culous cattle. In
man the germ
gains entrance in-
to the body from
milk and in many
cases is seen in
what is known as
surgical tul)erculosis, meaning it affects
certain glands of the neck, or certain joints
which can be operated upon with more or
less success.

Symptoms of this disease are almost
impossible to find. In fact, the only known
symptom is an enlargement of the glands
in the throat, which appear like a round
object in the space below the ear and just
above the larynx or Adam's Apple, corre-
sponding to the enlarged glands seen in the
region of the neck in human beings. As the
gland enlarges it presses upon the windpipe
causing difficult breathing. Probably only
three per cent of diseased cattle show this
sj^mptom.

It is generally supposed that coughing

GUAXD CIlAMriiiX P()l.l,i:i) JirHHA-N

1 jui.i,— ni;i:i) IN sri;,\i(;ii r cur.i^K. l^A\sAS

CATTLE

11

indicates its presence. When an animal
becomes thin from no apiiarent cause, sus-
l)icion is excited. This concUtion may arise
from many causes other than tuberculosis.
Coufihino; is almost a natural thins in cattle
and in all animals which ch(>\v th(Mr cud,
the food l)eing vomited l)ack into the mouth
for proper chewing and masticating, con-
stantly causing some little irritation.

The tuberculin test is the only agent
we have at the present time, w^hich is ca-
pable of picking out tuberculous animals,
and it liehooves every breeder to ascertain
if his herd is clean. Cattle free from tuber-
culosis are cheaper to feed and cheaper to
keep. Keeping diseased cattle is a waste of
time and a menace to the swine on the farm
and those who drink and eat dairy products.

The tubercuUn test should be applied
only by reliable, conscientious veterinarians,
ancl when once the herd is clean only animals
from known healthy herds should be added.
If farmers are contemplating the purchase
of pure bred cattle they should buy only
from some accredited tuberculous-free herds.
The state veterinarian can give the names
of the breeders whose herds are so listed.

If an animal suspected of the disease dies,
an examination of the carcass will deter-
mine whether or not the disease exists. The
lungs are to be removed and by passing the
hand over its surface nodules or lumps will
be felt. On cutting into these lumps they
will be found to contain soft cheesy pus, or
if of long standing will be hard and gritty.
The glands on the windpipe between the
lungs should also be cut to ascertain if any
pus is present.

When diseased animals are removed from
a herd, the stalls, mangers, and water troughs
are to be disinfected as in all contagious
diseases.

First remove all litter and dirt, then
sprinkle the stalls, mangers and troughs
with a solution containing six ounces of
lysol to a gallon of water. Allow this to dry.
The sides of stalls and woodwork in the barn
can then be whitewashed, adding six ounces
of chloride of lime to each gallon of white-
wash.

COWS' TEETH ACCORDING TO AGE

Cattle, like horses, have two sets of teeth,
the temporary or milk teeth, and later the
permanent teeth, which permanent teeth
are of course larger than the milk because of
the increase in the size of the animal's jaw
as it l)ecomes older.

Oftentimes the calf is born with the cen-
tral pair of temporary teeth. The balance

■/

of the temporary teeth come in within the
first month. These incisor teeth which come
in four pairs are in the lower jaw only oper-
ating against a cartilaginous pad in the
upper jaw.

At about eighteen months old the central
pair of milk teeth are rei)lace(l by jxTuia-
nentones. These are quickly recognized, as
they are twice as broad as the milk teeth.

Each succeeding pair of permanent teeth
appear at intervals of about nine months'
time, but this varies considerably according
to conditions, being ai)t to excecnl this time.
As a rule each ])air is through and in service
at the following ages:

First pairof Pcrmanont. Tooth IS months

Sooonil pair of IVriiianont Tooth 27 months

Tliinl pair of Pormanont Tooth lit) months

Fourth pair of Pormanont Tooth 45 months

Some authorities give the time of appear-
ance of the permanent teeth as follows:
First permanent i^air at two years old,
second jiair at three, third pair at four, and
fourth pair at five years old.

Cows' teeth undergo but little change for
years and are never fixed tightly in the jaw
as the permanent teeth of a horse.

12

CATTLE

Warts are frequently seen on young
animals in such abundance as to make them
look unsightly. The skin of the abdomen
and side of the neck may be almost covered
with them. Just what induces the
growth of these cutaneous
tumors, it is impossible
to say. Many writers
recommend their re
moval with a knife
or tying a string
tightly around
their base. To
dothisinsom*
cases would
be almost
equal to
skinning the
a n i m a 1 .
Little alarm
need be felt
because of
this condition.

The proba-
bilities are they
will disappear
after animal gets
to pasture.

Warble Fly, some
times spoken of as Gad " v,^
Fly, resembles to some ex-
tent the Bot Fly affecting horses.

In certain sections of the country'
the warble fly is quite prevalent and as it
causes a peculiar condition in cattle, atten-
tion is called to it. The fly is very similar
to the bot fly, laying its eggs somewhere

upon the legs of cattle. Its flight is ex-
tremely rapid and quite often unseen. Its
presence is detected by the actions of the
cattle. The fly deposits its eggs on the hair
of the legs, which are taken into the
mouth when the animal licks
the part. The young lar-
vae find a resting place
back in the throat,
from whence they
gradually find
their way pos-
sibly by fol-
ing the jjath
of least re-
sistance until
they reach
the back of
the animal
where they
become
lodged and
complete part
of their life
cycle. By the
late winter
months they are
almost matured,
and their presence is
indicated by small
swellings appearing on the
cow's back. These swellings
become soft and the warljle is re-
leased, then buries itself in the ground and
emerges in a few days as a full grown fly.
Prevention. In sections where the fly
is known, grease, vaseline or some mild oil

"WOODBINE LAD." Prize Winning Hereford Bull— Henrietta, Texas

CATTLE

13

"GAMBOGE VELLUM ^L\.IKSTY. •'Owned by ^LD.Munn,
St. PauL A Grand Champion Jersey Bull.

should be rubbed lightly over the legs of
animals or some good fly repellant may be
used very effectively.

When the small swellings are seen on the
backs of cattle in the late winter months,
they should be opened with a sharp knife
and the grub squeezed out and destroyed.

with some swelling and tenderness above the
hoof. (This condition may be mistaken for
foul in the foot, vSee sheep.)

In a short time we have sloughing of the
tissues al)ov(! the hoof, which does not occur
in any disease other than ergotism.

Treatment consists of course in a complete
change of food. Laxatives must be given
to purge the ergot from the l)lood, and the
raw i)lac(\s treated with healing lotions.

Sorghum Poisoning. In sections where
sorghum is raised we occasionally experience
trouble as a result of cattle eating the
stalks. This is particularly noticed in years
when the growth of sorghum has been
stunted on account of drouth. Animals are
apparently in the best of health and in a
short time after pasturing in the corn field
may drop dead.

Cow Pox. A disease of the cow; an eruj)-
tion on the teats and udder.

CONTENTED COWS

CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES

Ergotism. When grain or corn stalks are
affected with "smut" and young cattle i)ar-
take too freely, we have a peculiar condition
of the lower extremities, extending from the
hoof to the fetlock, in which the parts
become gangrenous or slough.

Cause is due to ergot, a fungus which
destroys the grain and virtually takes its
place. It is recognized by its blue-black H]^-
pearance, and affects the seed of any gr()\\ -
ing croj). It has the peculiar ]iroperty when
taken into the system of contracting blood
vessels. The blood circulation of the feet is
perhaps the slowest in any portion of the
body, and the blood vessels Ixnng very small
become contracted still smaller, by action
of the ergot, with the result of a stoppage of
the circulation and consequent death or
gangrene of the parts.

Tlie first symi)tom is that of lameness
with small vesicles in the cleft of the foot.

The vesicles are flat and depressed in the
center; there may be only one or two on the
udder or teat. In about a week the pock
may be about the size of a small button, and
:i f(MV days later gives the a])pearance of a
black scab which finally falls off about the
third week. The disease may be transmitted
to the milker, and from him to other cows.
Apply soothing ointment to the ])arts.

•|.iiNf;\V.\TER DAinV MAID." A Sfi,l.")0 Cluernsey Cow
i.iiiittwaliT Farni.^i — North Ea^stoii. Ma.-!.-.

14

CATTLE

•' KING SEGIS PONTIAC ALCARTRA." A $53,000.00 Champion Holstein Bull, Stevens Bros., Liverpool, N. Y.
THE HOLSTEI N-FRIESI A N breed of dairy cattle originated in Holland. They are the largest in size of the dairy breeds. Bulls
weigh 1700 to 2200 lbs.;cows 1400 to 1800 lbs. Color is black and white. While the Jersey type is noted for the fine quality of milk
the Holstein is noted for the great quantity. It is this type that is used largely by dairy. farms supplying larger cities.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS
DISEASES

Rabies, or hydrophobia. This disease is
prevalent to a greater or less extent in every
state, and is a serious problem to stock
owners adjacent to large cities.

The disease can only be produced by the
bite of a rabid animal. It is essentially a
dog disease and infectious to every specie
of domestic animal and man. We find that
the closer the bite is to the head, the ciuicker
is the incubation period. The period of
incul)ation is longer in the summer than in
the winter. It has always been supposed
that rabies was a disease of the summer
months, but statistics will show a greater
mortality in live stock and in the human
being during the winter months.

Symptoms. In cattle we have one symp-
tom that predominates over all others; i. e.,
a continual l)awling. It reminds one of a
cow that has lost its calf. It will be noticed

considerable saliva hangs from the mouth,
the animal makes attempts to eat and drink,
but is unable tj do so. Occasionally in
atldition to the bawling, we see constant
straining efforts.

If there is any knowledge of an animal
having been bitten by a dog, great care
should be used by all, when handling the
patient. A small cut or abrasion of the skin
may be sufficient to permit the entry of the
germ, should any of the saliva come in con-
tact with the cut.

Treatment. In the human being we
have the Pasteur treatment, which would
]:)robably be just as efficacious in animals,
Init the cost is prohibitive. Animal should
])e placed by itself and the humane owner
would have it killed as early as possible.
Cattle rarely live more than three or four
days after the sym]:)toms ap]iear.

Prevention. Keep your own dog con-
fined to the iiremises and make active war
on stray dogs or any that worry live stock.

CATTLE

15

"SWISS \'Ai.i.i;v c;i

A Grand Champion. Broxni Swiss cattle are dual purpose — milk-
ami beef. Weiijht, bulls loOO to 2000 lbs.; cows 1200 to loOO lbs.

seventh mouth. and thighs,

si;nior and grand champion galloway bull

The Gallouny breed orif/iiiated in Srollniid, noted for fine long
hair used for wata and cii/kx. All GidUnrai/.s are blnfk and hornless

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

Possibly one of the most (h-eadecl diseases
confronting
thestoekman.
The cause is
generally ac-
cepted to be
a specific or-
ganism. We
have two
forms, an ear-
ly and late.
In the early
form the
abortion niay
occur within
two months
while the late occurs al)Out tin

When the dis(>ase makes
its appearance there are
four fundamental i)rinci-
ples to follow:

(1) Do not sell any of
the herd.

(2) Do not place any
fresh animals in the herd.

(3) Do not breed abor-
ters for at least three
months after aborting.

(4) Thorough and con-
tinual cleaning and disin-
fection of the barn.

To sell aborters means you help spread
the disease. To place fresh animals in tlie
hertl means they will also come down with
the disease and thus you will lireed it and
retain it on the i)remises so nnich longer.
This disease like all others jjroduces at some
time immunity, therefore the herd should
be kept intact with the result that sooner or
later the disease dies out.

Various remedies are on the market at tlie
present time; however none can be called
specific. In some cases their applica-

A disease

"QUKEN MILLV »>F ;

/ Champion Ani/w^ Cmr. It' ns, I

tion seems to have remedied the trouble but
as a matter of fact the disease has simply
died out of its own accord.

Prominent investigators the world over
are still carrying on experimental and re-
search work with a view of learning some-
thing definite as to its manner of spread and
positive treatment.

In (Ireat Britain tiie method of dealing
with the disease is to inject all young female
cattle with the active virus which is the;
cause of the disease. This produces an im-
munity, just as vaccinating causes an im-
munity against smallj^ox.

BLACK LEG

which attacks young animals
from one month to two
years of age. Probablv ani-
mals ranging around
eighteen months are the
most susceptible. It is
more prevalent while ani-
mals are on pasture and
appears to attack those
that are in the best of
condition.

Symptoms are easily

discerned, and consist of

swellings which may form

on any part of the body,

usually on the shoulders

in which case we have some

lameness. When

tliese swellings

are pressed

they gi\'e forth

a c r a c k 1 i n g

sound which

can also l)e no-

ticed by the

hand. If cut

into the tissue

is dark and a

frothy, l)lack

fluid exudes.

UN DAXC'E'

SENIOR CHAMPION ANGUS BULL
Angus are beef cattle; fatten easily; all black and hornless.

16

HORSES

Fractures of Bones. A fracture is termed
simple when the l)one is broken across;
comminuted, when broken in fragments;
and compound when the broken ends pro-
trude through the skin.

The bones most commonly fractured are
the long bone below the knee and hock ; the
bone running from the stile joint to the hock ;

sometimes
the corner
of the large
hip bone;
the latter
fracture as
a rule due
to striking
theaugleof
h i p b one
ajiainst the
1 am door
as horse
(Ml t e r s .
Fractures
of the long

bones are generally the result of kicks. If
an animal is seen to be kicked in the region
mentioned and becomes lame it is well to
keep it in complete rc^st until the exact
nature of the injury is established.

When fractures are known to exist, it be-
comes necessary to at once bring the broken
parts in exact position and so maintained,
while a bandage of some woolen material
about four inches broad is applied. This
should 1 e of sufficient thickness so that
stiff card board or leather splints can be
applied thereon (one to the front and one
at the back) will not chafe the skin. The
material for the splints should be moistened
so that when dry they will conform to the
bandages. Plaster of Paris bandages are
then to be applied over the splints. Frac-
tures in old horses seldom unite and it is
policy to destroy them.

WOUNDS

All wounds are more or less painful and
due care should ])e taken when handling
them. No strong, painful remedies should

be applied. Bleeding should always be
checked and the parts made as dry as pos-
sible- In case an artery is cut, indicated
by a fine stream that shoots out from the
wound, apply a piece of cotton batting,
gauze, or other soft material that has been
wrung out in a mild disinfectant. In case
a l)andage cannot be applied and the wound
is large, pack the cavity with the material
recommended. These bandages or packings
should be left in place about twenty-four
hours, after which there is little danger of
hemorrhage.

Nail Punctures of the Feet. The feet
of all animals are very sensitive and almost
any injury to them will cause the animal to
exhibit more or less pain, depending on the
severity of the injury. It is good practice
when an animal becomes suddenly lame
to at once examine the foot. If due to a
nail, the offender is to be at once removed.
The puncture should be enlarged in a cup-
like fashion, cleaned out and iodine or some
good disinfectant poured in and a layer of
soft material placed immediately over the

A \V1JA()-\11> LITTLE STRANGER

HORSES

17

"VINAY"— CHAMPION PERCHERON ttTALLION OF FRANCE— Imported by W. G. Dunham. Wayne, III.
PERCHERON draft horses are from La Percha, France. They attain massire size and are noted for their qwiliti/, action and endurance.
Stallions weiyhfrom 1700 to 2000 lbs. ; mares I4OO to ISOO lbs. The heifjht of Stallions ranyes from 1.5]/^ to 17 hands — mares lo to 1014
Color is exceedingly variable — black and dapple gray predominate. This is the most common type of hency horse in the United Slalis.

part. A small sack should then be drawn
over the hoof and held in place with a ban-
dage above the hoof.

Punctures near the toe in front of the
frog are always serious, their seriousness
depreciating as the injury extends back to
the heel. It is a well known fact that in-
juries of the hind feet are the more serious
and cause rapid loss of flesh. Shoe calks
are frequent in the winter months and care
should be taken when they occur to allow

drainage by cutting away the horn in a
crescent shape immediately below the calk,
clearing out all material driven in antl then
ajipiying a poultice.

Laminitis, or Founder, is brought about
by excessive feeding, and also by the
sudden checking of perspiration, as well as
by the drinking of very cold water when
the animal is heated. Driving on very hard
roads is apt to induce this trouble and it
sometimes follows foaling. It appears

"HARVIESTOUN BAROXESS'— GRAND CHAMPION CLYDESDALE MARE, INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION
CL YDESDALE draft horses originated in Scotland. They are very active Ihoui/h tiol so heavy as the Shire or so mnsfiice as the Percheron.
Stallions weigh 1000 lbs. and up. mares t/,00 lbs., and up. The height is from 15 to 10^ hands. Hay or brown with white on fore-
heatl and on legs below knees Tnosl popular, though there are blacks, grays and chestnuts. Like the Shire bree I long hair back of the
cannons below the knees is characteristic.

18

HORSES

sloppy feed, which does not need
masticating until the services of
an expert can be called.

Tongue. We find this member
sometimes injured from accidental
Ijiting, which may happen when
a horse suddenly stumbles. Most
frequently the tongue is cut by a
strap or rope put into the mouth
of unruly animals and spoken of
as a half hitch.

Colics are invarialjl}' due to
mistakes in feeding or watering
and as prevention in all cases is
the best treatment, every care
should be exercised by the owner.
If by mischance an animal be-
comes colicky, give gentle walk-
ing exercise as this tends to cause evacuation
of the bowels, and lessens the pain as the
irritant passes along the intestinal canal.

THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE

A native of the United States, chiefly Kentucky, Virginia and Missouri.

Saddlers are of two classes — 1st, a walk-trot-canter horse; 2nd, thefive-yaited

horse-walk-trot-canter^CLck; and running, walk or fox trot or slow pace.

as a rule in front feet and when first seen
animal presents a most alarming condition,
standing with its hind feet advanced as far
forward as possible to relieve the
pressure of the body on the front
feet. The horse sweats profusely
from the extreme pain and will not
move in any direction. Immediate
treatment is required by removing
the shoes and the application of
hot poultic(>s of bran, linseed meal
or any material of a like nature
which will hold the heat.

DIGESTIVE TROUBLES

Teeth. Si)litting of the back
teeth is quite a common occur-
rence and, like all teeth troubles,
is called to the attention of the
owner by finding in the manger
partly chewed masses of haj^;
which have been dropped from
the mouth. In some cases a very offensive All hay and litter should be cleaned from
odor is noticed. Animal should be given the manger and stall before animal is

"WATER BOY'

A FAMOUS THOROUGHBRED RUNNING HORSE
Lexington, Ky.
The "Thoroughbred" breed of running horses originated in England

A STRING OF HIGH CLASS BIG MULES AT THE ILLINOIS STATE FAIR
Splendid examples of the results of careful breeding and management.

HORSES

19

1

Hi

i

1

*■'

-^ll

WM

i^

* " ^ " • .♦^Kiii*

The ARABIAN
enilurance. They

AHAIUAN STALI.KiN "KHALKD"—nartnian Stock Farm, Columbus, Oliio
breed <>/ hur^es originated in Arabia. This breed gave the English Thoroughbred running horse its great speed and
are extremely intelligent and docile. They make excellent officers' mounts and are used for sinng polo ponies.

returned to it, and patient should he
starved for about twelve hours and then
fed very lightly.

Choking. This trouble is very rare except
in greedy horses, and then is occasionally
seen when eating grain. The symptoms are
somewhat puzzling unless one is familiar
with them. The horse is noticed to lift its
nose up in the air extending its neck and
strains in its attemi)t to swallow.

The choke may ])e located anywhere
along the gullet; quite frequently it is found
in tlie part running down from the neck
and may be located by sight on the left side
parallel with the windpipe. If due to grain
or soft hay, and in the region of the neck,
it may be broken down i)y manii)ulati()n.
Poisoning. It is seldom we see a horse
suffering from any form of poisoning, in-
duced by accident. The sudden death of
animals which is usually laid to ])oison is
in almost every ease due to some other
cause than poison.

Lung Diseases. No attempt will l)e
made to enter into these. It is enough to
say that the majority are caused by ex-
jiosure. Use common sense and when a
stop is necessary do not let the horse face
the wind. Animals on the range very
s(>ldom are affected with lung troubles,
although exi)osed to a variety of climatic
conditions. The reason for this is they at
all times feed with the wind.

Kidneys. As a matter of fact, the owner
may efface from his mind that his horse
has any form of kidney trouble. These
cases are so rare as to be a noveltw

We occasionally meet with a form of
diabetes in which the i)atieut urinates so
profusely as to cause the owner some con-
sternation. This condition is caused by
mouldy oats, and is remedied by changing
the feed.

Circulation of the Blood. Only one ])ecul-
iar condition under this head will be_ de-
scribed, which is only seen in horses driven

20

HORSES

j'iMZi: w i\xi\<

faster than a walk. While not very common
the condition may arise at some time, hence
o\\^lers should know what to do. After the
animal has been driven for a short distance
it is noticed to become extremely
lame in one hind leg, finally fallino-
in the harness. After a short rest it
comes to its feet and lameness has
disappeared only to be evident aft(^r
being again driven for a short dis-
tance. This condition is due to a
parasite plugging the principal ar-
tery supplying the leg with blood.
This parasite or worm is very small
and finds its home in certain blood
vessels, causing a thickening of the
vessel walls, thus shutting off the
blood supply.

When the condition descrilx'd
arises, animal should be used only
for slow work.

Nervous Diseases. Under this
heading will be described a condition
due to faulty feeding and often con-
sidered to ])e a form of paralysis of
the hind C}uarters. The common
name given is azoturia, or black
water. This trouble is seldom seen
in stallions, mares with colt, or ani-
mals in poor condition. In the horse
that is well ribbed up and an easy
keeper, it is veiy common. The exact

nature of the trouble is not under-
stood. We know horses are prone
to this condition if laid off from
hard work for a period of from one
day to a week or more, and their
grain ration has not been reduced.
After a rest the animal is put to
work, which at first is performed
with willingness: After going per-
haps half a mile, it is noticed animal
sweats and knuckles over in one
hind leg. In a short time it droi-s
and is unable to rise, and may pos-
sibly lie quiet, or, if animal is of a
nervous temperament, becomes ex-
cited. This condition is a most
unsatisfactory one to treat, the
mortality in the corn belt region
being at least 50 per cent.

Prevention. When well condi-
tioned animals are taken out of
work, because of bad weather or
other causes, the grain should l-e
cut at least one-half. If this is not
done, and after being put to work
the animal loses its spirit and shows
signs of dragging ])ack or knuckling,
then a stop should at once be made, the
harness removed and animal allowed to rest
for a while and then slowly led to the
nearest barn.

GUAND CHAMPION MISSOURI STATE FAIR,191G
C)wned by L. Knopf, Cole Camp, Mo.

HORSES

21

iMPoirn I) ri:i;rii

Breeding Table For Live Stock

TIME OF SERVICE TO APPROXIMATE DATE OF PRODUCTION

PERIOD GIVEN MAY VARY SLIGHTLY

TIME OF

PRODUCTION

SERVICE

MARES

cows

EWES

sows

January 1

December 6

October 10

May 30

April 24

January 15 ,

December 20

October 24

June 13

May 8

January 29

January 3

Noveml)cr 7

June 27

May 22

February 12

January 17

November 21

July 11

June 5

Februar}^ 26

January 31

December 5

July 25

June 19

^larch 12

February 14

December 19

August 8

July 3

March 26

February 28

January 2

August 22

July 17

April 9

IMarch 14

January 16

September 5

July 31

April 23

March 28

January 30

September 19

August 14

:\Iay 7

April 1 1

February 13

October 3

August 28

^lay 21

April 25

February 27

October 17

September 11

June 4

IVIay 9

IMarch 13

October 31

September 25

June 18

May 23

IMarch 27

November 14

October 9

July 2

June 6

April 10

November 28

October 23

July 16

June 20

April 24

Decern! )er 12

Noveinlier 6

July 30

July 4

IMay 8

December 24

November 20

August 13

July 18

IMay 22

January 9

December 4

August 27

August 1

Jun(> 5

January 23

December 18

September 10

August 15

June 19

February 6

January 1

September 24

August 29

July 3

February 20

Jainiary 15

October 8

September 12

July 17

IMarch 6

January 29

October 22

September 26

July 31

March 20

F(>l)ruary 12

November 5

October 10

August 14

April 3

Fel)ruary 26

November l'.»

October 24

August 28

April 17

March 12

December 3

November 7

September 11

^lay 1

March 26

December 17

November 21

Septemlier 25

May 15

April 9

December 3 1

December 5

October 9

May 29

April 23

22

CATTLE

Breedin": Record of Cows

NAME OF
DAM

NAME OF
SIRE

DATE OF
SERVICE

DATE OF
SERVICE

DATE OF
CALVING

HORSES

Breedino; Record of Mares

23

NAMF OF
DAM

NAME OF
SIRE

DATE OF
SERVICE

DATE OF
SERVICE

DATE OF
FOALING

O

o

X

(D

o

4-1

C3

o

a,

u

CJ

S

o

26

SWINE

Breeding Record of Sows

NAMK OF
SOW

NAME OF
SIRE

DATE OF
SERVICE

DUE TO
FARROW

NO IN
LITTER

SHEEP

Breedino: Record of Ewes

27

NAME OF
DAM

NAME OF
SIRF

DATE OF
SERVICE

DUE

DATE OF
LAMBING

28

HORSES

PARASITES

The horse is host of a variety of worms.
Each has its own particular habitat. Some
thrive in the blood vessels, others in the
stomach or some portion of the intestines.
Unless in very large numbers no bad results
follow. In young colts if badly infested
a dropsical condition makes its appearance
and expert treatment is then necessary.
'1 he feeding of worm powders and liquids to
horses rarely accomplishes very much. Like
other conditions the infestation of animals
is a result of an impure water supply.
Owners should take care to see that their
live stock are given well water or that ob-
tained from running streams,

HEAT OR SUNSTROKE

This condition is freciuently seen during
the hot weather, and at a time when the
farmer is busy haying or harvesting.
Symptoms are overlooked in the beginning,
and it is not until the animal stops or drops
to the ground that the driver realizes there
is something wrong. Were the animals'
temperature to be taken it would be seen
the thermometer would register its full
length, 110 degrees.

If three horses are working abreast, the
center horse would in all likelihood be the
one to be affected, for the reason it gathers

heat from the animal on each side, together
with the direct rays of the sun.

Treatment. In extremely hot weather
horses should be given plenty of time to
feed, and no direct hurry should be made
to work them after the noon meal. In hot
weather the harness should be taken off,
immediately animals go to their stalls antl
they should be given a sponge bath.
Water should be given them in small
quantities before they are grained. In
the afternoon water should be taken to
the field and animals given a drink at
frequent intervals. A sponge bath while in
the harness is an excellent thing, as it not
only refreshes them but is also cooling.

When animals come down with sunstroke,
the harness must at once be removed,
and a shelter erected. Ice cold water or
wet blankets should be constantly applied
to the body and if possible ice packs to
the head, and cracked ice can be put into
the side of the mouth.

If a large injection pump is available a
pailful of cold water can be injected into the
rectum and repeated at frequent intervals.
After recovery animal is to be given a com-
plete rest and should not again be worked
on hot clays, unless it be for short spells
in the early morning or late afternoon.

GRAND CHAMPION CLYDESDALE GELDING— International Exposition 1917

HORSES

29

"LISTIA"— GRAND CHAMPION BELGIAN MAllE — Owned by C. IrviiR-, Aiikeiiy. Iowa,
The BELGIAN draft horse is a native of Belgium. They vary greatly in weight and height. Stallions from Ardennais weigh about
1200 lbs., those from Flanders weigh 2000 lbs., the height varying accordingly. Chestnuts are popular, with numerous roans, bays
and browns. They lack the heavy hair on legs as on Clydesdales and Shires.

CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS

Again we have a i)eculiar condition due to
lack of care in the food of the horse. This
is quite serious and causes alarming losses
during the feeding months.

Cause is generally accepted now to be
due to a fungus which is found in musty
oats, oat straw and probably corn.

Symptoms are usually quite rapid in tb.eir
onset. Affected animal is found to be dt,wn
and unal)le to rise. Other horses make at-
tempts to eat and drink but cannot swallow.
A stringy discharge of saliva liangs from the
mouth and the breath gives foi'th a ix'culiar
mawkish smell. No reliable treatment has
yet been found to combat this condition.
One investigator has produced a serum
which gives promise of being a specific, but
further experiments are yet requireil before
it can l)e recommended.

Following wet Falls great care should be
exercised in feeding grain which has become
tainted, and oat straw should be fed with
much caution. It is particularly necessary
to keep horses away from straw stacks.

SKIN DISEASES

Lice in 3'oung horses are cpiite common
and a source of annoyance to the up-to-date
owner. Many times their presence seems
to indicate a lack of car(> and attention.
If the owner knew how much agony and loss
of flesh that lice cause, he would do all in his
power to destroy tlu^ ]>ests. Various remedies
in the form of powders and li(iuids are rec-
ommended and meet with varying results.

One of the most effective treatments is that
of equal parts of cottonseed oil and kero-
sene which should be applied quite warm.
If large areas are to be treated it should be
done only during milil weather and repeated
evcn'V two weeks.

Bleeding Warts occasionally make their
ai)pearance on the skin, and, as the nanu!
imjilies, they present a raw, bloody surface.
Wliile they are not regarded with any degree
of alarm, most owners are desirous of a
remedy. Such will be found by daily
painting the raw surface with nitric acid,
care being taken not to let any of the remedy
touch the sound skin.

30

HORSES

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS
DISEASES

Glanders is one of the most insidious
diseases of the horse, manifesting itself by
a discharge from the nostrils or small sores
appearing as a rule on the hind legs. Some-
times we find these small boils appearing
on the body, breaking and discharging a
thin sticky material which, like the dis-
charges from the nostrils, seems to catch
and hold the dirt, "gumming of the parts,"
as expressed by those with experience. A
good many owners are always fearful that
a discharge from the nostril is due to glan-
ders. As a matter of fact in glanders the
discharge is very slight and many times
overlooked, or, as the owner says, animal
has just a little cold; meaning he gauges
the extent of a cold by the discharge: if
very great, then it has a bad cold, if slight,
a little cold.

A horse may discharge from a variety of
causes, such as a sore throat, in wdiich case
it is profuse; as a result of distemper, a dis-
eased tooth, in which case a l)ad odor exists.

In glanders it is again repeated, the dis-
charge being slight, sometimes in advanced
cases is accompanied by a hemorrhage.
Any profuse hemorrhage from the nostrils
should be looked upon with suspicion and
prom])tly reported to the state authorities.

Navel or Joint 111 in foals is an infec-
tious disease and causes the death of many
foals. It is commonly supposed the infec-
tion is taken up through the navel, rai:>i(lly
extending to the liver and thence getting

into the circulation, where the organisms
are carried to the joints. The result is that
the joints become swollen and filled with
a chocolate colored, reddish brown fluid.
The colt refuses to feed and remains
down unable to rise. Vaccination by a
veterinarian affords a remedy.

Here again prevention plays a prominent
part. Mares before foaling should be
given clean quarters which must be kept
clean. Immediately colt is born an anti-
septic dressing should be applied to the
navel and kept in place by a bandage.

TETANUS OR LOCK-JAW

A disease seen more frequently in
horses than in any other animal. In some
horse barns where the disease is prevalent
the slightest injury to any part of the body
may result in lockjaw. The germ causing
this disease seems to enjoy life for a long
period of time in old barns, and it is a
fact horse manure and dirt are its favorite
lurking places.

The symptoms first observed are a stiff-
ness of the neck; to use an old expression
the animal stands with its nose "poked
out." The tail is noticed to be elevated a
little; elevating the head causes the eye to
retract and as the disease advances we see
violent spasms.

Animal should be immediately placed in
roomy quarters by itself and the services
of an expert veterinarian called.

The use of tetanic serum in the initial
form gives fairly favorable results.

CHAMPION F.XC;i.ISII >siin!R STAI.I.IdN " DAN PATCH," A FOUR-TIME PRIZE WINNER.

Tiuiu:iu'd Sluc'k Farm, liuslinell, III.

The SHIRE breed of draft horses come from Enyland and for heavy draft it is u nsurpassed. Stallions range from 1700 lbs. to

the great size of 3200 Ibx., the height running from 15 to 17 hands, 7nares less accordinghj. Preferred color is bay or brown with white

forehead and on legs. Aurneraus chestnuts, blacks and grays are found and long hair beloio knees and hocks is characteristic.

HORSES

How to Tell the Ase of a Horse

31

Front Tehth I.ouek

Jaw, Thkee Yeaks

Iho center permanent

teeili up

Front Teeth Lower Jaw

Four Years

Four center permanent

teeth up

Front Teeth Lower Jaw

Five Years

All permanent teeth up

Front Teeth Lower Jaw

Six Years

Cups out of center teeth

Suje \ iew
I'ive-Year-Oi.u MouTi

Front Teei ii Lower Jaw

Seven Years

Cups out of intermediate

teeth

Front Teeth Lower Jaw

Eight Years

Cups all out

Kkont Teeth Upper Jaw

Ten Years

Cups out of

intermediate teeth

Front Teeth LIppek Jaw

Eleven Years

Cups all out

Front Teeth Upper Jaw

Fifteen Years

Teeth very triangular

Side View of Twentv-One

Year-Old Mouth

Note sharp angle at which

the teeth meet

Fron I View Twentv-Onb
Year-Old Mouth

Front View
FrvE-YEAR-Ouj Mouth

Front Teeth Upper Jaw-
Nine Years
Cups out of center teeth

Front Teeth Upper Jaw
Twenty-One Years

Front Teeth Upper jaw
Thirty Years of Age

Horses when full grown h;iv(> forty teeth,
twenty on each jaw, classed as follows: Six
nippers, two canines, one at each side,
and twelve molar teeth, six at each side.

Only the nippers or front teeth are con-
sidered in tellinp; the age of a horse.
The accompanying diagrams show the
structui-e and appearance of these nipper

teeth at all ages. The wear on the nipper
surfaces from five to eleven enable us to
estimate i\w ag(\

It is difhcult to tell the age of a horse
past the eleventh year, and in practice the
age is designated as being eleven past, or
fifteen past, as the case maj^ be. Just how
much past cannot be accurately stated.

32

HORSES

2-7

1. Muzzle.

2. Lips.

3. Nostril.

4. Face.

5. Eye.

C. Forehead.

7. Foretop.

8. Ears.

9. Poll.

10. Jaw.

11. Throatlatch.

12. Neck.

13. Crest.

14. Withers.

15. Shoulder.
IG. Breast.

17. Point of shoulder.

REGIONS OF THE HORSE

18. Arm.

19. Elbow.

20. Fore flank.

21. Forearm.

22. Knee.

23. Cannon.

24. Fetlock joint.

25. Pastern.

26. Coronet.

27. Hoof.

28. Seat of sidebone.

29. Seat of splint.

30. Chestnut.

31. Abdomen.

32. Ribs.

33. Back.

34. Loin.

35. Point of hip.

36. Coupling.

37. Hind flank.

38. Sheath.

.39. Stifle joint.

40. Seat of thoroughpin.

41. Seat of bog spavin.

42. Seat of bone spavin.

43. Seat of ringbone.

44. Seat of curb.

45. Hock.

46. Gaskin.

47. Thigh.

48. Quarter.

49. Croup.

50. Point of buttock.

51. Tail.

THE LENGTH OF INTESTINES AND CAPACITY OF STOMACHS

Animal

Capacity, Quarts

Total

Length, Feet

Stomach

Intestines

Intestines.

Horse
Cow

Sheep
Hogs

19.0

206.9

31.3

8.5

204.8

109.8

15.4

20.5

223.8

376.7

46.7

29.0

98.1
189.2
107.3

71.1

It requires from three to four days for food to pass through the digestive tract of farm animals.

DIGESTIVE ORGANS

The stomach and intestines of farm animals
differ widely as to capacity, size and struc-
ture. The stomach of the horse and pig is
a single sack and has not nearly the capacity
of the cow or sheep which have four

stomachs; namely the paunch, honey -comb,
many plies and rennet, the food first being
stored in the paunch, rechewed — chewing
the cud — and then returned to the other
stomachs.

HORSES

33

DISTEMPER OF COLTS

Sometimes called strangles. It appears
in young horses at from one to five years of
age; one attack as a rule confers immunity.

Symptoms usually start with more or
less fever, some stiffness of the neck, followed
by the swelling of the gland between the
lower jaws. Al)()ut this time is noticed
some slight discharge from the nostrils
which increases, becomes thick and of a
creamy color.

The swelling under the jaw increases in
size and becomes hot and painful. The
skin in course of time softens and the abscess
breaks, at once relieving the animal and re-
covery immediately begins.

Occasionally an abscess may form in the
angle back of the jaw and below the ear, in
which case the services of a veterinarian
must be called to open up the abscess. This
region is a dangerous place to operate on for
any but an expert. The course of the dis-
ease runs two or three weeks, and like other
diseases complications sometimes arise.

Treatment is plenty of air, cold water and
soft feed in the nature of boiled oats or
bran mashes given in small quantities as
hot as can be made.

INFLUENZA

Known also as Pink Eye, Shipping Fever,
Stock Yards Fever. This is jl niucii more
sericnis disease than the one previously men-
tioned, as it affects both young and old, and
many tim(>s is complicated with pn(>umonia,
pleurisy and a blood complication.

Symptoms are loss of appetite, high fever,
and an extremely weak condition, being
very similar to the "grippe" in man.

The disease spreads rapidly and runs its

FRENCH COACH ST.\LLION

This type originated in France. Weioht varies in tStalliona from
1100 lbs. to 1400 lbs., mares 200 lbs. lighter. Height ranges 15 to
16}^ hands. Bays and broums predominate, black and chestnuts
infrequent.

A GOOD OLD FAMILY HORSE

From the Carriage, Driving and Coach type of horses cornea
that patient and hard working friend, the "good old family
horse" which the automobile is rapidly supplanting.

course in about a week unless some com-
plication makes its appearance.

Treatment is, in the main, careful feeding
with plenty of fresh air. Affected animals
should be placed where they can get all the
fresh air possil)le, and drafts avoidetl. If
confined in a barn with poor ventilation,
recovery is retarded and complications may
set in.

Cold water should be given freely and a
teaspoonful of salt petre can be given in the
drinking water three times a day.

Animals should l)e vcM-y closely watched
for the appearance of any additional symp-
toms, indicating com])lications, in which
event the services of a veterinarian should
at once be called.

DISINFECTING BARNS AND PREMISES

The first step to be taken is open up doors
and windows, then remove all litter, manure
and other refuse; the ceilings, mangers, and
stalls should be swej^t clean. A disinfectant
(any of the coal tar ]ireparations) is to l)e
mixed in the ])roportion of six ounces to each
gallon of water. The mangers and feed
boxes are to be scrubln'd, followed by the
sprinkling of the fioors and stalls. This
can be done with the aid of an old broom
or a cheap spraying machine can be pur-
chased from almost any hardware store.
Aft(>r the solution has dried all woodwork
should be whitewashed, adding about four
ounces of chloride of lime to each gallon of
whitewash. This can also be applied with
a sprayer, and is a very quick and thorough
way of doing the work.

Pens and lots are first cleaned of all litter
and the ground and fences sprayed as
directed, followed by the whitewashing of
posts and frames. y ;

34

SWINE

SWINE
Sore mouths in young pigs. This con-
dition is frequently met with and is caUed
to the attention of the owner by the attempt
of the young pigs to suckle. The soreness
of the mouth prevents them from taking
nourishment and emaciation and death
follows. An examination of the mouth
reveals the margins of the gums swollen
with raw surfaces covered by a dead tissue.
The germ which is to blame, is found in
the digestive tract of swine and probably

in the soil as a re-
sult of coutami-
nation from the
feces.

The udder of
the mother be-
comes dirty as a
result of contact
with the ground
and the infection
is taken into the
mouths of the
young pigs when
feeding.

Treatment con-
sists in the application of a weak solution of
blue vitriol applied with a swab to the sore
parts. The udder of the mother should l)e
washed with a disinfectant, and mother and
young removed to clean, dry quarters.

Hog pens and enclosures should be kept
clean and disinfected at all times. (See hog
cholera.)

Vomiting is quite frequently seen in swine
and may be due to over feeding, hog cholera
or a symptom of disease, poisoning from salt,
caustic potash.

Air bubbles around intestines. This con-
dition is frequently seen in hogs slaughtered
on owners' premises and causes more or less
alarm, hence it will be touched upon. These
small air bubbles present a grapy-like crys-
tal appearance. The exact cause is not
known. Carcasses of animals so affected are
perfectly good for food purposes.

Heat stroke (see under "Horses" for
treatment) .

"MASTKHPIIX'K"
A Champion Berkshire Boar.

THUMPS

Spasm of the midriff common m young
pigs. They will jerk violently at the flanks,
sometimes quite rapidly, slowing down only
to start off again with greater energy. It is
often observed in young pigs well fed and
have not had sufficient exercise. Pigs con-
fined to small pens become sluggish, hence
it is advisable to force them to exercise,
otherwise thumps result.

Rheumatism. Complaints are made of
this trouble. It is possible if swine are kept
in damp quarters. Occasionally the joints
are swollen and animal exhibits more or less
lameness. Change to dry, warm quarters.

Rickets. In this case animals go down
behind, unable to use their legs. A condition
common in young thrifty hogs, due to a lack
of lime in the bones.

There is little use in prolonging the life of
animals so affected. It is better to slaughter
them at once as the carcass can be used for
food purposes. To delay action means loss
of carcass, as animal may bruise itself and
develop fever, in which event it would be
unfit for food.

■HIGH STYIJ

SWINE

35

•HIGH STYLE" — A $5,000 Poland China Bom.
r/r/s breed c^uihmted in Southwestern Ohio, wntures early, takes on fat eronomicaUy and represents the extreme derelopmenl of the
lard produdianlup^. Size is classed as middle ,n-i,,ht. black with white markup, drooping ears, face straight.

is impossible to say. Undoubtedly the
incubation period is about six weeks.

Treatment is difficult and about the only
rational method of treatment is confining
animals to an air-tight place and burning
sulphur until the i)igs are overcome, when
they can be dragged into the fresh air and
revived.

Prevention plays an important i)art in
this disease, as in many other i)arasitic
troubles. Clean quarters, clean feed and
clean water are necessary. Hog run should
be changed every other year and the old
yards plowed up.

Lime should be freely used in the i)ens,
and hog wallows should be i)rovided in the
summer, filled witii a disinfectant. A con-
crete hog wallow can be built with very
little expense. A cheap disinfectant solu-
tion can be used, which will well rejxiy the
owner, as it prevents mange, lice and other
parasites from preying upon the swine.

RESPIRATORY TROUBLES

The only disease which will be described
under this heading is Verminous Bronchitis.

Verminous Bronchitis is quite common
in young pigs in the summer and early fall
and produces considerable alarm, because
of the fact that all the young pigs may be
coughing. Fre<iuently we find young ani-
mals cough so hard tiiat the spleen ruptures
and death of course follows. It is quite
common to see young pigs, in good condi-
tion, stand and cough for several moments.
The cause is due to a parasite known as the
lung worm. The eggs gain entrance in all
probability through the food or water su})-
ply. It is likely the back of the throat is
the first stopping i)oint of the young worms,
from which point they find their way into
the bronchial tubes. Just how long a period
elapses between the time they are taken up
until evidence of their existence is seen it

I'-jlam.) china ,-' A\

36

SWINE

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF SWINE

Hog Cholera

We find but two diseases that are apt to
cause a high mortality in pigs. These are
hog cholera and necrobacillosis. Hog chol-
era is familiar to every swine raiser in the
corn belt section. No attempt w^ill there-
fore be made to descril)e the symptoms.

rapid course, causing death in a short time;
in other outbreaks it assumes a slow chronic
course. It is a difficult matter to form any
opinion as to the manner swine acquire the
disease. In many cases it is due to the
introduction on the premises of a diseased
animal; or by persons or dogs carrying the
infection. Only the smallest particle of mat-
ter is needed to convey the germ of this

losses /2f7? /ooa
. cy^ /Voces' /y^/^/7b(5'C^aL^/Fy4

Like all epidemics, we have severe out-
breaks every so often, at which time the
disease seems to spread over the entire
country causing immense losses, gradually
dying out and remaining dormant for three
or four years.

In some outbreaks the disease runs a very

disease. Flies have a good deal to do with
its spread, much more so than any one
imagines.

Treatment. Vaccination is now recog-
nized as being the most efficient. Large
doses of anti-hog cholera serum are given
the pigs with excellent results.

Native of United States; medium size, red, ears droop, fare
straight; sows are prolific. This type noted for fat production.

YORKSHIRE BOAR (Bacon Type)

Native of England, medium size. The color is white, ears erect and
face greatly dished. Noted for fattening qualities.

SWINE

37

riji/.i. w i.wiM. II \.Mr.^iiii;i: .

HAMPSniRES, natiL-e uf United States. Like Putand China type, noted fur eartij
Black with white belt around body. Breed in demand by packers.

,liiriiiij and .

■ fiillrniiii;. Middle weignis.

A great many favor the immunization of
liogs by the serum-virus method. Much can
l)e said for and against it. It must be ad-
mitted by all familiar with its use that in
some cases it has proved most valuable and
in others it has proved disastrous. Until such
time as the serum and virus can be stand-
ardized, caution in its use is necessary.

Much can be done in preventing the dis-
ease. For many years we have recommended
the constant disinfection of swine in the
summer months, and no more effective way
can be found than in the building of cement

hog wallows which can be filled with a non-
poisonous disinfectant solution.

Special pens should be built into which
hogs should be allowed only at feeding time.

These pens, with feed troughs, should be
kept clean and disinfected daily.

Owners must keep in mind that excretions
are infectious. By excretions is meant tears,
discharge from the nostrils, urine and feces.
When hog cholera is in the neighborhood
dogs should be kept ui)on the jiremises and
not allowed to run at large. Visitors should
be kept from all hog enclosures.

1-1 11:1/1. -i < ■ItKSHIIil-; sow. Minn- - i ■ ■ -

The Large Yorkshires are bicon type, developed m England. Meat excellent, fat and lean, uieli inued. Sizt cUissed a^ lart/e. ExLelUtU
breeder, maturing late. White color, ears droop forward, dished face.

38

SWINE

NECROBACILLOSIS

This disease is very frequently mistaken
for the chronic form of hog cholera. In
hog cholera we have a peculiar condition
of the kidneys, sometimes called turkey egg
kidney, indicating it is spotted like a turkey
egg. The spots in the kidney are not much
larger than a pin point and bright red.
These red spots indicate a rupture of a very
small artery which has been plugged with
germs. In necrobacillosis this condition of
the kidney is absent, and we have, if the
intestines are examined closely, a thicken-
ing of the outside wall, on which are small
white patches of
dead tissue. In
some cases we
are able to de-
tach or peal off a
false membrane
from the wall.
Hogs which lin-
ger along fre-
quently lose
patches of the
skin and the ear
or tail may pos-
sibly slough off.

Vaccination
in such cases does
no good and we
must resort to
other treatment
in the form of internal antiseptics, such as
powdered hyposulphite of soda, a table-
spoonful to hogs weighing about one hun-
dred pounds. As this medicine has little
taste it can be given at each feed in any-
thing animal will take.

Prevention. The cleaning of pens and
troughs should be practiced, followed by
disinfection. Keep in mind the germ is a
natural inhabitant of the intestines of pigs,
consequently floors of hog pens and enclos-
ures are more or less infected. This same
organism causes sore mouths in sucking pigs.

A PRIZE CHESTER BARROW

Chesters originated in New York State. Small, white ears erect, face^
scooped, half bacon and half lard type; slow maturing, good breeders.

TUBERCULOSIS

This disease is becoming alarmingly prev-
alent among hogs, and has increased in
proportion to the creamery industry. There
is little dou])t but infection is through the
medium of skim milk. When farmers feed
skim milk or other by-products obtained
from creameries or cheese factories, it is
policy to pasteurize, or partially cook it.

The practice also prevails of letting hogs
feed upon the carcasses of dead animals. In
the case of a cow dying from tuberculosis,
it can be readily seen how easy it is for the
animals to become infected. It is astonish-
ing how rapidly
the disease pro-
gresses in swine,
invading almost
every vital organ
of the body, and
rendering the
carcass absolute-
ly valueless for
food purposes.

Symptoms in
hogs are not very
pronounced.
Experts can
sometimes diag-
nose its existence
in a herd by ob-
serving if the
glands of the
throat are swollen. These swellings can be
detected by facing the animal, when it will
be seen the neck in the space below the
ears and back of the jaws bulges out, due
to the affected glands. Once the disease is
estal)lished the entire herd should be dis-
posed of for slaughter, subject to inspection.
New quarters should then be provided
for restocking with healthy animals. The
home herd of cattle should be tuberculin
tested and precautions taken, as previously
suggested, to boil all skim milk obtained
from outsidfc sources.

n Type)

SWINE

39

SELF-FEEDER FOR SUCKLING PIGS USED AT THE GOVERNMENT
EXPERIMENT FARM, BELTSVILLE, MD.

The self-feoder shown is one used at the
Government Experiment Farm at Beltsville,
Maryland. This self-feeder is very handy
for suckling pigs while they are with their
mother.

A self-feeder of this tj-pe can be placed
in the corner of the lot in which the sow
and })igs are kept, placing a few boards
across the corner from one fence to anoth(a'
to keep out the sow. Allow space enough
under the bottom board to permit the
young pigs to crawl under. They form a
creep for the young pigs, which can learn
to eat very readily without being dis-
turbed.

Hogs in the wild state were self-fed ani-
mals, living upon such feeds as would satisfy
their appetites, and under domestication
they seem to thrive best when fed by the

same princij^le. The marked success of the
self-feediug system of hog raising is largely
due to the fact that they may eat an abun-
dance of those feeds w'hich will nourish them
to the best advantage.

Cracked corn, or corn meal and tankage
mixed in proportion of 10 to 1, is an ele-
gant ration. As the pigs grow older whole
corn can l)e substituted for cracked corn or
corn meal. The ciuickest, the easiest and
the most economical method of fattening
pigs is through the use of the self-feeder.

The self-feeder should be built ujKni a
pair of skids or runners to prevent rotting
of the floor and to facilitate moving. By
using the best grade of lumber and apply-
ing yearly a coat of ]iaint a well constructed
s(df-feeder will give service through a
number of years.

40

SWINE

PARASITES

We find five or six varieties of worms
affecting swine, one of which has already
been described under l^ronchitis. The others
infest the stomach and intestinal canal.

Probably the most harmful of parasites,
because it is communicated to man, with
oftentimes fatal results, is that known as
Trechinella Si)iralis. This parasite may
affect practically all meat-eating animals.
If the flesh is infested the larvae are released
and find their way to the muscles where
they become lodged. During their migra-
tion from the stomach they cause severe
rheumatic pains. A man eating infested
pork which has not been properly cooked
becomes affected and in many cases
death follows.

Pigs usually acquire the disease from
eating rats, or the flesh of another pig
which has died as a result of harboring the
worm.

The symptoms are somewhat vague, but
we suspect the existence of these worms
when pigs show severe pains. They appar-
ently squeal and are uneasy for no cause,
frequently exhibiting pain when touched or
moved around. The parasite is not visible
to the naked eye, hence its presence may
not be diagnosed unless a search of the
muscles are made for the worm with the aid
of a microscope.

Thorough cooking destroys the worm,
which therefore suggests the method of
prevention in the human.

Another parasite which infests man is
also acquired from the pig. In the pig we
have the immature worm, known as
cysticercus or measly pork. Its presence
is manifested by small milky like bladders
about the siz(» of tapioca, which may be seen

THE COMMON ROUND WORM OF SWINE
(A Scaris Suum) a, Male; b, Female.

on the heart and sometimes in the muscles.
These small bladders contain the head of
the parasite. When the partly cooked meat
is eaten by man the juices of the stomach
release the worm which immediately begins
to grow, adding a small segment at a time
to its body until it reaches a considerable
length.

Man is the host of two tapeworms, the
one just mentioned acquired from eating
pork and the other from cattle. The mani-
festations in the pig are similar to those of
cattle and the life history is the same.
Cattle and swine take up the eggs of the
tapeworm passed by man. The larvae find
their resting place in the animals where they
remain immature and can only attain their
full growth when taken into the system of
human beings. Thorough cooking of all
meats is essential to human health.

A GROUP OF CHESTER WHITE PIGS

SWINE

41

ClIKSTEIl WHITl': SOW AND PIUS

EPILEPSY OR FITS

]Many owners comi)lain of their hoj2;s
having fits. They state animals seem all
right until they begin to feed. After taking
a few mouthfuls they squeal and tumble
over, shake and tremble, lie down a short:
time and then get up. In the majority of
cases the cause is due to indigestion^ which
creates some functional disturbance, bring-
ing about the train of symptoms mentioned.
Whfm animals are noticed to show this con-
(Htion they should be separated and given
about a tablespoonful of Epsom salts in
their feed. A fifty-pound hog can be given
the amount mentioned and the dose can
be gradefl for heavier hogs. Light feeding
should follow and animals given plenty of
exercise. This treatmcMit should retluce the
frequency of this malady until it finally
disai^pears.

DUKoc sow

HEMORRHOIDS, PILES

This is another condition whicli is often
met with. It is usually caused by feeding
shorts, and again when animals are given
only one kind of feed. Laxatives and mixed
feeding is indicated.

LICE

This parasite in swine is quite large and
readily seen. It is advisable to keep swine
free from lice at all ages, for when numer-
ous they tend to retard fattening. Where a
large numl)er of hogs are kept a dipping
tank or hog wallow should be provick'd.
In case this cannot be clone the use of
kerosene diluted one-half with warm,
soapy water may be used. Pens must, of
course, be cleaned and sprayed with some
cheap disinfectant. This should be done
thoroughlv.

1 riMZl. — l'.I.l;l\>lill;i- SUW — lim m iti^ii n I. ive Stock Exposition

42

^TMTT^l^lR)

SHEEP

THE common impression prevails that
any one can successfully raise and
breed sheep. No other animals on the
farm require less attention, or suffer less
from disease than do sheep. Like anj^thing
else, some practical experience is necessary
to be successful. It is suggested those in-
tending going into sheep raising should
begin with a limited number; watch their
habits and peculiarities and as your obser-
vations increase extend the flock.

The one great drawback and most dis-
couraging feature to the flock master is
losses from dogs. Until such time as the
actions of this pest is controlled more or
less loss will be experienced. In some states
owners are authorized to shoot any dog seen
worrying sheep. The death of a dog, how-
ever, does not compensate the sheep owner
for five or six dead sheep. More protection
should be afforded sheep owners by placing
the burden of loss or damage on the dog
owner.

Sickness in sheep is quickly recognized
by the experienced. Animal will lag behind,
its head lowered and ears lopped.

GRAND CHAiMPlUN SHKOPSHIRE RAM

International Exposition 1916

THE SHROPSHIRE DOW^ Vnriety of mutton sheep cinne
froin Shropshire, Emjlnnd. Similir, but Inrger than Southdown;
rnms weigh 225 lbs., ewes 150 lbs. Of early maturing qualities,
excellent mutton. Excel Southdowns as wool producers — bearing
5 to 10 lbs. medium length wool. Very popular breed in United
States.

It might be asked what breed of sheep is
best adapted to the corn belt section? The
writer from experience believes the South-
down or Shropshires are perhaps the best
suited to the needs of the small farmer.

A CHOICE COTSWOLD EWE

THE COTSWOLD breed is noted for both mutton and wool.
Native of England. Large breed; rams weigh 250 lbs., ewes ooer
200 lbs. Woiil 10 to 14 inches long and 6 to 10 lbs. weight, a
popular breed in United States.

Sheep suffer from only one malignant
infectious disease, known to the profession
as hemorrhagic septicaemia. Happily, out-
breaks are few and far between, and then
as a rule only in sheep shipped long journeys
and which pass through public stock yards.

Symptoms are very few, if any are noticed.
The owner's attention is only directed to it
by the sudden death of the sheep, which
may show a frothy, bloody discharge from
the nostrils.

If sheep are opened we see claret colored
spots on the internal organs. Close obser-
vation of the oth(>r sheep will reveal some
with the ears hanging down, instead of
being held at right angles. They may be
apart by themselves, and breathing rapidly.

Treatment. In recent years there has
been developed a vaccine which proves
very efficacious in outbreaks of this disease
among cattle, and reports on its use in sheep
indicate it is of great value in controlling
and limiting losses in sheep.

SHEEP

43

PARASITES

or Avorms, are the greatest menace the tlock
master meets witli. Careful attention to the
fecnl and water .supply will overcome this.
Stomach Worm. The most important
])arasite is that known as the stomach worm.
It is a small hairlike worm about three-
(juarters of an inch in length, the male being
a little shorter. The worm is a true blood

A CHAMrioN' II\MPSniUE RAM

HAMPSHIRE DOWN BREED, natire of Enuhind— mutton
type — larue size — rams about 2J,0 lbs., ewes ISO to 200 lbs.
Excellent mutton qualities — xvool yielil. coarse, inferior to
Shrop.fhire or Southdown, being about 7 lbs.

sucker and frequently attaches itself firmly
to the walls of the stomach.

Symptoms in the young sheep are at first
difficult to determine. As the worms in-
crease in numbers, we find that the lambs
will have dropsical swellings along the al)-
domen and brisket. This dropsical con-
dition is due to the anemia which follows
the heavy infestation of any variety of
worms which sustain themselves by blood
sucking. On opening the stomach of a sheej),
little at first will be seen, but by closely-
watching the contents of the stomach and
holding a small portion of the contents level
with the eye, millions of living worms may
be seen. In some cases we have a seething
mass in continual motion.

The eggs are passed in the feces by the
older sliee)!. Hatching in a few days they

crawl up the grass l)lades while they are wet
from the dew or rain, and are taken up into
the stomacdi by the sheep as they feed.
Knowing their habits we can ])revent infes-
tation by ke(>])ing the sheeji off ])astin-es
until the grass is dry.

Verminous Bronchitis, Another condition
due to infested i)asiures. The worm pen(>-
trates into the air passages (l)ronchial tubes)
causing bronchitis. The life history of this
worm is ver}^ similar to that of the stomach
worm.

Symptoms usually make their ai)pearance
durmg July antl August, and as in calves and
j)igs we have a peculiar cough that is almost
diagnostic.

In examining for this worm the; bronchial
tubes should be split clear to their termi-
nations and somewhere toward their termi-
nals the worms will be found.

Treatment is entirely unsatisfactory, and
so preventive measures are necessary.
These consist of keeping animals from the
pasture while the dew is on the grass. Sheep
])astures should be rotated two or three
times during the season. When it is known a

I Kl/I 1)1 i|, -I 1 i, WIS — H. I. IXOIS STATE FAIR
IIOR.\ED DORSETS OF E\(1L.\.\D. Ej-c, lUnt wool and mut-
t'ln type Qualitn ^. I'nfxcdlut tirmlinfl qualtties — hardy grazers.
Jx'oms wciiih JOO Ib-i , eu-i s IHO lbs., shearing 6 to 10 lbs. wool.

flock is affected with worms pastures should
be plowed up. In case this cannot be done
they should be burned over in the spring.

44

SHEEP

GRUB IN THE HEAD

This condition is met with in the Spring
of the year. Three or four of the fiock may
die as a result.

RAMHOUILLET RAM
The RAMBOVILLET breed fine wool sheep, native of France.
Rams weigh loO to 2i5 lb a., ewes 125 to 17 o lbs. Noted for
light, fine fleece, shearing 10 to 20 lbs., ewes 8 to 12 lbs.

The grub is a specie of bot-fly. In the
hot summer months, the mature fly deposits
its larvae on the nostrils of sheep. Pro-
vided with two hooks, they gradually work
up into the cavities
of the head. There
they pass their larval
stage. At the proper
time they lose their
hold and are sneezed
out to the ground into
which they burrow
and in about two
weeks emerge as a full
grown fly.

Symptoms are some-
what vague. We sus-
pect grubs when sheep
are seen to be affected

in the early spring months with severe
catarrh, becoming stupid in their actions.

Treatment is of little account and pre-
ventive measures must be instituted.
These consist of keeping the nostrils smeared
with Stockholm tar during July and
August. In addition the ground where
sheep rest in the middle of the day should
be plowed up, and animals allowed the use
of darkened sheds.

Foot Rot is perhaps the next disease of
importance that confronts the sheep raiser.
It is more frequently found where sheep are
permitted to run on low, swampy land.
Occasionally we experience outbreaks where
this condition does not prevail. The dis-
ease is another form of necrobacillosis
which has been mentioned under swine dis-
eases. The same germ is responsible for
lip and leg ulceration and ulcerative vag-
initis. These two latter conditions seem to

SOL'THDOWN EWE 1st. Prize Minn. State Fair.
The .■SOUTHDOWN breed, mutton type, natire of England. Noted
for early matw inij and delicious mutton. Rams weigh 175 lbs.
ewes 135 lbs. Low wool yield, 4 ^o 8 lbs.

this will 1

prevail only in the range country, while foot
rot is comparatively unknown on the ranges
l)ut is common in other sections. It is a
true infectious disease affecting sheep either
in the front or hind feet, particularly
between the claws. As the disease ad-
vances it extends up to the joints causing a
swelling just above the hoof and most in-
tense pain. It is distinguished quite easily
by the lameness and offensive odor. An
examination of the foot reveals the pus,
which is of a whitish nature and sometimes
small holes are seen in the upper and middle
surface between the toes.

Treatment consists of running the sheep
through a foot bath, containing some
disinfectant.

A trough about a foot wide and twent}^-
four feet in length and of sufficient depth
so that when the sheep are driven through
the solution will be about two inches above
the hoof.

Blue stone is perhaps the best to use,
dissolving about four
ounces in a gallon of
water. A trough that
will hold al)0ut twenty
gallons would take five
pounds of blue stone.
The foot bath should
be repeated every day
for a week.

The same treatment,
with a little stronger
solution, can be ap-
plied to cattle which
are affected with this
same condition and
jc found verv beneficial.

37 MONTHS 48 MONTHS 6 YEARS

SHEEP'S TEETH ACCORDING TO AGE

Sheep have two sets of teeth like cattle— temporary or milk teeth
— later, permanent teeth. Like cattle, sheep have eight teeth only
in lower jaw, operating against a cartilaginous pad in upper
jaw. Milk teeth are peg-like, the middle pair are replaced at
about 15 months by permanent teeth; succeeding pairs appearing
at about eleven month inter mis.

After fourth year all permanent teeth are in wear. As animal
ages teeth narrow. By eighth year much space appears between;
teeth become discolored and with age drop out one by one.
Other general considerations in telling age of sheep are, of course,
size up to one year. In old animals the poll is more pronounced;
the hollows above the eye.'i deeper and the sides of the face are more
depressed.

SHEEP

45

CLOSED SHEEP SHED --16x24 Feet

s^re^ /'/w e'.e"^2'^'o"^^ ^^^C£.r^/9

^7 ^■^"•"^'^TTin II II !i II :i ;i ii ii !i ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ;i ii ii ii n ii ii ii ii ii n n ii nnnr

Srli-C^f fSf SS"'Z'^'0" "^ T»C Cifi^^

FLOOR PLAN OF CLOSED SHEEP SHED

Close s/*£Arf

/s-e —

CROSS SECTION OF CLOSED SHEEP SHED

A CLOSED SHEEP SHED

Above cuts show a simple tj-pe of closed
sheep shed which is especially adapted for
farms on which the main barn has large feed
capacity, but not suflicient floor space for
live stock. Allowing tw(>lve square feet of
Hoor space ]ier animal, this shed will hold
twenty-six sheep, which gives a space at the
rack of almost seventeen inches each. Tiu>
feeding shoultl be done entirely from walk-
way in the center so as to avoid disturbing
the sheep. The large door at the end of the
rack is intended for taking in feed, which
must be stored in another building. The
windows of this shed should hang on center
])ivots to permit entrance of air through the
full size window. Doors used by sheep may

be made in two parts, opening outward inde-
l)endently. The upper half should be hinged
at its top and counter l)alanced by a weight
connected to it by a light wire cable passing
through a i)ulley at the side of the shed and
another on the cave. A stay rotl is needed
to hold the door firmly when jiartly open.
The doors, windows and adjusted roof ven-
tilator will always furnish good ventilation.
This shed affords good jirotection for sheep
under any conditions and may be used for
winter lambing if twenty feet wide instead of
sixteen, so that as many detachable lambing
pens as needed may l)e set up next the wall
and still leave room at rack for other ewes.
Estimated cost of this shed is about $150.

46

SHEEP

SHEEP SCAB MITE

Greatly enlarged
(Salmon & Stiles 189S)

SCAB

This disease, due to a true parasite, is by
no means prevalent in this country. Un-
fortunately, sheep infected with this mite
are sometimes imported into the flock.

This mite is exceedingly small and is best
seen through a low power microscope. The
mite irritates the skin, setting up an in-
flammation which causes an intense itching
resulting in consequent rubbing and a great

loss of wool . The
constant itching
prevents the ani-
mal from feed-
ing,as a result of
which the health
soon becomes
impaired and
death follows.
The wool comes
out in patches,
leaving a scaly,
parchmentlike
condition of the
skin. Sheep fre-
quently lose
their wool in
patches by being
confined in warm
quarters, but in
this case the skin is clean and pliable.

Any suspicion of its existence, especially
when new animals
have lately been
introduced into the
flock, should at
once be reported to
the state authori-
ties.

Other ailments
to which the domes-
tic animal is liable
such as lung and
intestinal troubles,
do not seem to be
as prevalent in
sheep.

Sheep should at
all times have ac-
cess to clean, cold
water and plenty of it. Change the water
in their drinking troughs every day. In
winter when snow is on the ground they
rarely drink, their thirst l)eing satisfied
with snow.

Sheep thrive best on upland hay and a
small quantity of oats can be given the
breeding ewes. At lambing time, ewes
should be watched very closely, as it seems
a change of weather generally brings some

SHKKP TICK

Dorsal view — enlarged

(Curtice 1890)

lambs, that without proper attention would
perish. The udder should bje examined to
see that the teats are not clogged with wax.
The winter quarters should not be warm ;
in fact, about all that is necessary is shelter.

SHEEP LOUSE

Enlarged

(G. Neuman 1892)

SHEEP FOOT LOUSE

Female and Egg
(Osborne 1896)

Attention should be paid to the feet and
all flock owners should have a pair of hoof
clippers. In wet seasons the toes grow rap-
idly and require frequent trimming. In
addition a pot of Stockholm tar should be
kept on hand. This can be used to great
advantage on cuts, and smeared over the
nostrils in cases of cold and during the fly
season.

Any condition which causes the sheep to
bite and scratch should be investigated at
once and the cause definitely learned. Scab
on certain parts of the sheep's body may
be overlooked. It is usually found on the
back or sides, but may start on any part
of the body.

IMPORTED COTSWOLD EWES

SHEEP

47

FIRST PRIZi-] CUKVIOT RAM — International Live Stock Exposition, Cnicago, 1917.
Chcnots arc n<it,ie of Scollan.l, are xmatl ami har,h/, hut noted for excellent wool and mutton. Rams weigh iip to 175 Ih.-!., ewes ISO
lbs., gheanng 6 to 11 lbs. ivool of medium length. Cheriots are splendid grazers and are profitable to handle.

LAMBING SEASON

Probai)ly the success in sheep raismg
may be traced to the proper management
durhig the lambing season.

From the time himl)S are expected and
until the season has ended, it is necessary
that every care be given the ewes and
lambs. The season is short, and it behooves
the owner to be on the watch, otherwise
his profits will be reduced through the
death of the lambs, either from neglect or
possibly during birth. Some ewes will re-
fuse their laml)s, others may not have
, sufficient nourishment for their young.
Again we have ewes giving birth to trip-
lets, one of which is perhaps weaker than
its mates. If the weather is cold the lamb
soon becomes chilled and it is necessary to
be taken into some warm place.

The reader will appreciate that the flock
will need constant watching. If triplets
are born the weakest should be taken care
of by hand and warm cow's milk given,
and the same rule aj^plies to the one whose
dam has not sufficient nourishment. Where
the mother disowns the lamb it must be
held while nourishment is taken. Some-
times a little salt sprinkled on the wet
lamb will induce the dam to accept it.

The owner should make it a point to see
the young lambs suckle just as soon as they
can stand, and to see it continues to do so.
Orphan lambs, those raised by hand, should
be taught to feed as soon as_ possible.
They can be given very thinly sliced roots,
with a little oatmeal sprinkled over them;
later as they learn to eat, crushed grain
and oil meal may be given.

A CHAMPION MKRIXO RAM
The MERl \'0 breed origin'itinfj in. America arc of si ural families, chuf of which are Delaines, which are divided into Nationals,
Dickinsons. Black Tops and Standards. Rams weigh 130 to SOO lbs., ewes 100 lo 10 lbs., shearing 8 to 20 lbs., according to type and
weight. Merinos are known b;/ three classes— Cla.ss A— heavy folds; Cta^s B— smoother folds; Class C— smooth body with slight folds
at neck, if at all. They are a fine wool type of sheep and very popular in the United States.

48 .............. QO.yERNMENT LIVE STOCK PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Government Publications

FREE

The United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, have available for
free distribution the following list of publications which are especially recommended for
the farmer or owner of live stock:

Tuberculosis, No. 473.
Breeds of Swine, No. 765.
Dehorning Cattle, No. 350. •
Castration of Pigs, No. 780.
Necrotic Stomatitis, No. 67.
Swine Management, No. 874.
Breeds of Dairy Cattle, No. 893.
Breeds of Draft Horses, No. 619.
Rabies or Hydrophobia, No. 449.
Production of Clean Milk, No. 602.
Important Poultry Diseases, No. 530.
The Control of Hog Cholera, No. 584.
How to Select a Sound Horse, No. 779.

Equipment for Sheep Raising, No. 810.

Breeds of Sheep for the Farm, No. 576.

Colts: Breaking and Training, No. 667.

Farm Sheep Raising for Beginners, No. 840.

Cattle Lice and How to Eradicate Them,
No. 909.

Ice House and the Use of Ice on the Dairy
Farm, No. 623.

Utilization of Farm Wastes in Feeding Live
Stock, No. 873.

Repellents for Protecting Animals From the
Attack of Flies, No. 131.

Influence of Age on the Value of Dairy
Cows and Farm Horses, No. 451.

FOR SALE

at a few cents per copy, by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. The following excellent publications are recommended to those
interested in the subjects on which they treat:

Measles in Cattle, No. 214, price 10 cents.

Larkspur Poisoning of Live Stock, No. 365,
price 25 cents.

Infectious Anaemia or Swamp Fever, No. 138
Price 5 cents.

Blackleg: Its Nature, Cause and Preven-
tion, No. 31, price 5 cents.

The Granular Venereal Disease and Abor-
tion in Cattle, No. 106.
Price 10 cents.

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